• Over the last few years experimental evidence for

  2021-12-01

  

  Over the last few years, experimental evidence for the involvement of Epac1 in cancer progression is beginning to emerge (Almahariq et al., 2015, Banerjee and Cheng, 2015, Parnell et al., 2015, Parnell et al., 2015, Schmidt et al., 2013). For example in melanoma cells, silencing of Epac1 attenuates

• Some biguanides can cross the

  2021-12-01

  

  Some biguanides can cross the mitochondrial membrane and increase L-lactate formation by inhibiting oxidative GW3965 HCl sale [34]. On the other hand, it has also been reported that levels of fasting plasma lactate in T2DM patients are similar regardless of whether or not metformin is administered

• A few research articles described that PLGA could alone impr

  2021-12-01

  

  A few research articles described that PLGA could alone improve physiological activities in certain illnesses by exerting therapeutic effects. These reported therapeutic activities of PLGA can be appended to the hydrolysis products of PLGA lactate, glycolate, and H+. We will recapitulate their respe

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgements This work was supported by

  2021-12-01

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research (15K12715) and was a partly supported by Suzuken Memorial Foundation (2014). The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review. G protein-coupled rec

• Gp induces cell death by

  2021-12-01

  

  Gp120 induces cell death by apoptotic mechanisms and increases intracellular Ca, and activates messengers related to cell death. Intracellular mechanisms of neuronal damage are mainly a consequence of the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) [2], [5], which induces excitotoxicity

• In addition to GABA mediated mIPSCs glutamate mediated minia

  2021-11-30

  

  In addition to GABA-mediated mIPSCs, glutamate-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (mEPSCs) regulate the excitability of the nervous system. GluRs can be divided into ionic and metabotropic GluRs. Ionotropic GluRs can be pharmacologically differentiated by specific binding of the

• Acute effects of FZ were not altered in GluR A

  2021-11-30

  

  Acute effects of FZ were not altered in GluR-A−/− mice, thus providing a solid basis for comparing the effects of repeated drug administration. In addition, GluR-A subunit deficiency did not affect the basal behavior of saline-treated animals, despite the GluR-A−/− mice having been described as hype

• Glucagon was described as an insulin secretagogue

  2021-11-30

  

  Glucagon was described as an insulin secretagogue as early as 1965 (Samols et al., 1965). Our studies extend these findings by demonstrating that this is a direct effect mediated by distinct receptors in the mouse pancreas. Previous experiments on isolated β PD123319 clearly show that glucagon is c

• br The GLI code The GLI code model

  2021-11-30

  

  The GLI code The GLI code model [21], [22] considers the total GLI function as a balance of positive activator (GLIA) and negative repressive (GLIR) activities with GLI1 being mostly a positive transcription factor and GLI3 mostly a transcriptional repressor. The GLIA:GLIR ratio is thus critical,

• To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of FXR

  2021-11-30

  

  To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of FXR-mediated regulation of liver cancer cell proliferation, gene expression profiles were determined using Agilent arrays in SK-Hep-1-FXR and NC after treatment with the FXR agonist GW4064. The results indicate that mTOR and S6k are involved in div

• Since our new compound Fex could be a new

  2021-11-30

  

  Since our new compound Fex-3 could be a new FXR ligand, we try to demonstrate that Fex-3 was an intestinal-restricted FXR agonist which only activated FXR in the intestine not in the liver or other organs. Initially, we investigated this in Caco-2 TAPI-1 with transwell experiments. From and , we f

• In addition to the regulation afforded by calcineurin NFAT

  2021-11-30

  

  In addition to the regulation afforded by calcineurin/NFAT axis, it has been shown that deregulation of some microRNAs (e.g. miR-155) can induce activation of Fas/FasL-in various cell types [72]. Furthermore, Fas–FasL interactions appear to be an important mechanism for the maintenance of immune pri

• Factor Xa FXa has emerged as

  2021-11-30

  

  Factor Xa (FXa) has emerged as a particularly promising target for the development of effective anticoagulant drugs because FXa acts at the convergence point of the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways. It efficiently catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin with one molecule of F

• Remarkably most of these molecules are also quite effective

  2021-11-30

  

  Remarkably, most of these molecules are also quite effective in interfering with the proliferation of the drug-resistant cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.59 to 2.93 μM against MCF-7/ADR cells, and from 0.160 to 1.17 μM against NSCLC-resistant H1975 cells. Among these molecules, co

• To our knowledge the putative role

  2021-11-30

  

  To our knowledge, the putative role of ET-1 and ETB-R in oligodendroglioma progression was not documented so far. Using primary cultures of grade B oligodendroglial tumor cells, we have here assessed the functionality of ETB-R expression in these tumors. Confocal microscopy analysis confirmed the st

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