• Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released fro

  2024-11-04

  

  Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including neurons and glias. Endogenous adenosine acts at four principal G-protein-associated receptor subtypes: A1, A2a, A2b and A3 (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998). The stimulation of adenosine receptors by extracellular adenos

• Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of

  2024-11-01

  

  Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of 5-HT in ureteral contractility, the source of endogenous 5-HT in the ureter is unclear. Since 5-HT-containing enterochromaffin cells, which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, could not be found in the ureter (Nocito et al., 2007, Ripoche,

• br Autophagy and cell death

  2024-11-01

  

  Autophagy and cell death pathways in ischemic stroke Although very important for the effects on post-ischemic NMS-1286937 injury, autophagy is not the only mechanism of action involved in cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis are two other distinct forms of cell death with great difference in morpho

• To further investigate the role

  2024-11-01

  

  To further investigate the role of cholesterol in the Rh2-induced cytotoxicity, we then focused on the U937 cell line, which is cholesterol auxotroph and considered as a valuable model to study the importance of cholesterol in membrane structure and function (Billheimer et al., 1987), and used the e

• In glucose stimulated pancreatic cells B Raf activity is inc

  2024-11-01

  

  In glucose-stimulated pancreatic β-cells, B-Raf activity is increased, while Raf-1 activity is under the detection limit (Duan and Cobb, 2010). Thus, B-Raf is the primary protein kinase involved in the rapid activation of ERK1/2 in glucose-treated pancreatic β-cells. Expression of a dominant-negativ

• br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments We thank

  2024-11-01

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We thank Simcere Pharmaceuticals, Nanjing, China, for providing a rabbit anti-VEGF neutralizing monoclonal antibody. We thank Dr. Schlisio in the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institute, for assistance with hypoxia assay. Y.C.’s laboratory is sup

• br Conclusion br Introduction Lung cancer

  2024-10-31

  

  Conclusion Introduction Lung cancer is the principal cause of death by cancer and the third most common cancer worldwide (Sorber et al., 2016). Lung cancer has two main types: small cell carcinomas (approximately 20%) and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) (about 80%) (Fan et al., 2016). NSC

• In conclusion our study would seem to

  2024-10-31

  

  In conclusion, our study would seem to indicate that a hydrophilic microenvironment, which is suitable to accommodate highly hydrophilic molecules with steric hindrance such as aldose hemiacetals, allows the enzyme modulation by one of its most important physiopathological substrates. It is difficul

• br Experimental br Acknowledgment br Introduction The NADPH

  2024-10-31

  

  Experimental Acknowledgment Introduction The NADPH-dependent reduction of d-glucose catalyzed by aldose reductase (E.C.1.1.1.21) (AR) is considered as one of the phenomena leading to the onset of long term diabetic complications [as review see: [1], [2]. In fact, the reduction of the sugar,

• br Preliminary remarks Expression of the transcription facto

  2024-10-31

  

  Preliminary remarks Expression of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the AHR-repressor (AHRR) are both strikingly high in the RSL3 of barrier organs skin and gut [1,2]. It is generally assumed that this reflects their role in linking environmental factors to an adapted

• Young et al described the role of adenine monophosphate

  2024-10-31

  

  Young et al. [40] described the role of adenine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the translocation of GLUT4 in the heart. The AMPK is activated during muscle contraction [74] by converting AMP to ATP. The adenosine analog, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), is a c

• Adiponectin also works on AdipoR inducing extracellular Ca

  2024-10-31

  

  Adiponectin also works on AdipoR1, inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx necessary for activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK)β, AMPK (Fig. 1). This step is then followed by activation of SirT1 and increased expression and decreased acetylation of PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1

• It is important to note

  2024-10-31

  

  It is important to note that stable amnesia is, apparently, a general biological phenomenon and can be found in different animal species. In studies on rats, it was found that if reconsolidation of conditioned olfactory aversion memory was impaired by the antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, amne

• In this study high concentrations mM

  2024-10-31

  

  In this study, high concentrations (0.5–4 mM) of thuringiensin were required to stimulate the basal adenylate cyclase activity Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, but low concentrations of thuringiensin (1–100 μM) were sufficient to inhibit the forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat cerebral cor

• br Acknowledgments This work was supported by the R D

  2024-10-31

  

  Acknowledgments This work was supported by the R&D Program of the Institutional Research Program of KRICT (SI1701-02), and by the Next generation carbon upcycling project of Ministry of Science and ICT. JSC is kindly grateful to the National Research Council of Science and Technology (NST) for fi

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