• At the organismal level skeletal

  2025-02-15

  

  At the organismal level, skeletal muscle, lung and adipose tissues mediate net de novo synthesis and release of glutamine, whereas net glutamine catabolism occurs in the kidney [7]. The liver exhibits net glutamine consumption coupled to urea production in the post-absorptive state, and net glutamin

• Interestingly hypoxia and an enhanced Warburg effect ultimat

  2025-02-15

  

  Interestingly, hypoxia and an enhanced Warburg effect ultimately lead to increased lactate production. The accumulation of lactate results in an acidic tumor microenvironment, which induces local inflammation. Lactate also promotes the polarization of macrophages that express immunosuppressive argi

• The direction of research then turned to investigating the l

  2025-02-15

  

  The direction of research then turned to investigating the long-term effects of adiponectin on insulin resistance. Adiponectin transgenic mice showed a reduction in insulin resistance and diabetes [5,6], while adiponectin-deficient mice showed mild insulin resistance with glucose intolerance, as wel

• Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant that

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  Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant that acts as an inhibitor at the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT), an agonist at 5-HT1A receptors, a partial agonist at 5-HT1B receptors, and an antagonist at 5-HT1D, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors (Bang-Andersen et al., 2011, Sanchez et al., 2015). Based on

• Numerous studies have shown that PUFA

  2025-02-15

  

  Numerous studies have shown that ω-3 PUFA incorporation into the lipid raft can affect the distribution and function of protein in the lipid raft by altering raft composition [25], [26], [27]. For example, DHA treatment excluded phospholipase D (PLD) from lipid raft toward non-lipid raft, resulting

• ADORs accomplish a variety of physiological effects in diffe

  2025-02-15

  

  ADORs accomplish a variety of physiological effects in different tissues. In neurons, ADORs regulate the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate (Ferré et al., 1992; Fredholm and Dunwiddie, 1988; Ginsborg and Hirst, 1972; Gonçalves et al., 2015; Quarta et al., 2004; Stella et al.

• br Actin at presynapses br Conclusion Thanks to the

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  Actin at presynapses Conclusion Thanks to the recent discovery of rings, hotspots and trails, axonal 2-D08 sale is back in the spotlight. These are exiting times for neuronal cell biologists armed with constantly improving labeling and imaging techniques to observe, quantify and perturb these

• Drug resistance development often involves structurally un r

  2025-02-14

  

  Drug resistance development often involves structurally un-related drugs and, specifically both conventional and targeted agents. IGROV-1/Pt1 Protease Inhibitor Library are characterized by resistance to cisplatin and reduced sensitivity to inhibitors of EGF-R and MEK, the up-stream activator of ER

• Drug resistance development often involves structurally un r

  2025-02-14

  

  Drug resistance development often involves structurally un-related drugs and, specifically both conventional and targeted agents. IGROV-1/Pt1 Amikacin are characterized by resistance to cisplatin and reduced sensitivity to inhibitors of EGF-R and MEK, the up-stream activator of ERK1/2, associated w

• Phosphoinositide kinase PI K Akt has been well demonstrated

  2025-02-14

  

  Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt has been well demonstrated in the protection of myocardial cell against IR injury via increasing cardiomyocyte survival, inhibiting excessive autophagy, et al. (Kong et al., 2016). The HDAC6 pathway modulator of ERK1/2 also involves in the regulation of cardiac m

• br Crystal structure ACLY protein is a

  2025-02-14

  

  Crystal structure ACLY protein is a homotetramer of four identical subunits [9]. Each polypeptide chain contains 1101 amino-acid residues [10]. The crystal structure of full-length ACLY protein is yet unresolved. However, Sun et al. recently succeeded in crystallizing chymotrypsin-truncated human

• br Resection of DNA ends The highly

  2025-02-14

  

  Resection of DNA ends The highly conserved MRN/MRX complex (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 in metazoan; Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 in yeast) and the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer (hereafter referred to as Ku) are the first protein complexes to be recruited at DSBs [6]. The presence of Ku and MRN/MRX mediates the recruitment of

• GABAB receptor is associated with brain and behavioral disea

  2025-02-14

  

  GABAB receptor is associated with quercetine and behavioral diseases, including epilepsy, spasticity, anxiety and neuropathic pain (Bettler et al., 2004, Bowery et al., 2002, Froestl, 2010). Baclofen, a clinical drug and selective GABAB receptor agonist, is used to treat muscle spasticity in patien

• br Experimental section br Acknowledgements br Introduction

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  Experimental section Acknowledgements Introduction DJ-1 is a highly conserved, homodimeric protein that was originally cloned as an oncogene capable of transforming LDC000067 in cooperation with activated ras[1]. DJ-1 is over-expressed in multiple tumor types and is positively correlated wi

• The following are the supplementary data related to

  2025-02-14

  

  The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Competing interest Ethics approval and consent to participate Authors' contributions Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. D. R. Kaplan for kind advice and materials derived from NB primary cell lines, Dr. F. D. Miller f

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